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网站怎样做的有吸引力,天津seo排名费用,oa系统开发公司,可以做网站的软件文章目录 DCL1. 基本介绍2. 语法2.1 基础查询2.2 条件查询2.3 聚合函数2.4 聚合查询2.5 分组查询2.6 排序查询2.7 分页查询2.8 综合案例练习2.9 执行顺序 3. DQL总结 DCL 更多数据库MySQL系统内容就在以下专栏: 专栏链接:数据库MySQL 1. 基本介绍 DQL英…

文章目录

  • DCL
  • 1. 基本介绍
  • 2. 语法
    • 2.1 基础查询
    • 2.2 条件查询
    • 2.3 聚合函数
    • 2.4 聚合查询
    • 2.5 分组查询
    • 2.6 排序查询
    • 2.7 分页查询
    • 2.8 综合案例练习
    • 2.9 执行顺序
  • 3. DQL总结

DCL


更多数据库MySQL系统内容就在以下专栏:
专栏链接:数据库MySQL


1. 基本介绍

DQL英文全称是Data Query Language(数据查询语言),数据查询语言,用来查询数据库中表的记录。

2. 语法

在这里插入图片描述

2.1 基础查询

基本语法:

  1. 查询多个字段
SELECT 字段1, 字段2,...FROM 表名;
SELECT * FROM 表名;
  1. 设置别名
SELECT 字段1[AS 别名1], 字段2[AS 别名2],...FROM 表名;

注意:

as 可以省略

  1. 去除重复记录
SELECT DISTINCT 字段列表 FROM 表名;

创建一个emp表


mysql> 
mysql> create table emp(-> id int comment '编号',-> workno varchar(10) comment '工号',-> name varchar(10) comment '姓名', -> gender char(1) comment '性别', -> age tinyint unsigned comment '年龄', -> idcard char(18) comment '身份证号',-> workaddress varchar(50) comment '工作地址',-> entrydate date comment '入职时间'-> ) comment '员工表';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)mysql> 
mysql> 
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_itcast |
+------------------+
| emp              |
| student          |
+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

添加16组数据

mysql> 
mysql> insert into emp(id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate) values(1,'1', '柳岩', '女', 20, '123456789012345678', '北京', '2001-01-01'), (2,'2', '张无忌', '男', 18, '123456789012345671', '北京', '2002-02-02'),(3,'3', '韦一笑', '男', 38, '123456789012345672', '上海', '2003-03-03'),(4,'4', '赵敏', '女', 18, '123456789012345673', '北京', '2004-04-04'),(5,'5', '小昭', '女', 16, '123456789012345674', '上海', '2005-05-05'),(6,'6', '杨逍', '男', 28, '123456789012345675', '北京', '2006-01-01'), (7,'7', '范瑶', '男', 40, '123456789012345676', '北京', '2007-01-01'),(8,'8', '黛绮丝', '女', 38, '123456789012345678', '天津', '2008-01-01'), (9,'9', '范冰冰', '女', 45, '123456789012345679', '北京', '2009-01-01'), (10,'10', '陈友谅', '男', 53, '223456789012345676', '上海', '2017-01-01'),-> (11,'11', '张士诚', '男', 55, '323456789012345676', '江苏', '2027-01-01'),-> (12,'12', '常遇春', '男', 32, '423456789012345676', '北京', '2037-01-01'),-> (13,'13', '张三丰', '男', 88, '523456789012345676', '江苏', '2047-01-01'),-> (14,'14', '灭绝', '女', 65, '623456789012345676', '西安', '2057-01-01'),-> (15,'15', '胡青牛', '男', 70, '723456789012345676', '西安', '2067-01-01'),-> (16,'16', '周芷若', '女', 18, null, '北京', '2077-01-01'); 
Query OK, 16 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 16  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | null               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
16 rows in set (0.10 sec)mysql> 

案例1:

查询指定字段 name, workno, age 返回

示例代码:

mysql> 
mysql> select name, workno, age from emp;
+--------+--------+-----+
| name   | workno | age |
+--------+--------+-----+
| 柳岩   | 1      |  20 |
| 张无忌 | 2      |  18 |
| 韦一笑 | 3      |  38 |
| 赵敏   | 4      |  18 |
| 小昭   | 5      |  16 |
| 杨逍   | 6      |  28 |
| 范瑶   | 7      |  40 |
| 黛绮丝 | 8      |  38 |
| 范冰冰 | 9      |  45 |
| 陈友谅 | 10     |  53 |
| 张士诚 | 11     |  55 |
| 常遇春 | 12     |  32 |
| 张三丰 | 13     |  88 |
| 灭绝   | 14     |  65 |
| 胡青牛 | 15     |  70 |
| 周芷若 | 16     |  18 |
+--------+--------+-----+
16 rows in set (0.10 sec)mysql> 

案例2:

查询所有字段返回

示例代码:

mysql> 
mysql> select id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate from emp;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | null               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
16 rows in set (0.11 sec)mysql> 

或者

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | null               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
16 rows in set (0.12 sec)mysql> 

案例3:

查询所有员工的工作地址,起别名

示例代码:

mysql> 
mysql> select workaddress as '工作地址' from emp;
+----------+
| 工作地址 |
+----------+
| 北京     |
| 北京     |
| 上海     |
| 北京     |
| 上海     |
| 北京     |
| 北京     |
| 天津     |
| 北京     |
| 上海     |
| 江苏     |
| 北京     |
| 江苏     |
| 西安     |
| 西安     |
| 北京     |
+----------+
16 rows in set (0.12 sec)mysql> 

或者

mysql> 
mysql> select workaddress '工作地址' from emp;
+----------+
| 工作地址 |
+----------+
| 北京     |
| 北京     |
| 上海     |
| 北京     |
| 上海     |
| 北京     |
| 北京     |
| 天津     |
| 北京     |
| 上海     |
| 江苏     |
| 北京     |
| 江苏     |
| 西安     |
| 西安     |
| 北京     |
+----------+
16 rows in set (0.11 sec)mysql> 

案例4:

查询公司员工的上班地址(不要重复)

示例代码:

mysql> 
mysql> select distinct workaddress  '工作地址' from emp;
+----------+
| 工作地址 |
+----------+
| 北京     |
| 上海     |
| 天津     |
| 江苏     |
| 西安     |
+----------+
5 rows in set (0.09 sec)mysql> 

2.2 条件查询

基本语法:

SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表名 WHERE 条件列表;

条件:
在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述


案例1:

查询年龄等于88的员工。

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age=88;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

案例2:

查询年龄小于20的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age<20;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | null               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

案例3:

查询年龄小于等于20的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age<=20;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | null               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

案例4:

查询没有身份证号的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where idcard is null;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------+-------------+------------+
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL   | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------+-------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.07 sec)mysql> 

案例5:

查询有身份证号的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where idcard is not null;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.08 sec)mysql> 

案例6:

查询年龄不等于88的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age!=88;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.08 sec)mysql> 

或者

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age <> 88;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例7:

查询年龄在15岁(包含)到20岁(包含)之间的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age >=15 && age <=20;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

或者

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age>=12 and age<=20;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

或者

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age between 15 and 20;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql>

案例8:

查询性别为 女 且年龄小于25岁的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where gender = '女' and age <25;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例9:

查询年龄等于18 或 20 或40 的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age = 18 || age =20 || age = 40;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

或者:

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age = 18 or age = 20 or age = 40;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

或者:

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where age in(18, 20,40);
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例10:

查询姓名为两个字的员工信息

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where name like '__';
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩 ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏 ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭 ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍 ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶 ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝 ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
6 rows in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

案例11:

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where idcard like '%x';
Empty setmysql> 

或者:

mysql> select * from emp where idcard like '_________________x';
Empty setmysql> 

2.3 聚合函数

基本介绍:
将一列数据作为一个整体,进行纵向计算。

常见聚合函数:

函数功能
count统计数量
max最大值
min最小值
avg平均值
sum求和

2.4 聚合查询

基本语法:

SELECT 聚合函数(字段列表)FROM 表名;

注意:
使用聚合函数进行计算时,所有的null值不参与计算。


案例1:

统计该企业员工数量

mysql> 
mysql> select count(*) from emp;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|       16 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)mysql> 

案例2:

统计该企业员工的平均年龄

mysql> 
mysql> select avg(age) from emp;
+----------+
| avg(age) |
+----------+
| 40.1250  |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)mysql> 

案例3:

统计该企业员工的最大年龄

mysql> select max(age) from emp;
+----------+
| max(age) |
+----------+
|       88 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)mysql> 

案例4:

统计该企业员工的最小年龄

mysql> 
mysql> select min(age) from emp;
+----------+
| min(age) |
+----------+
|       16 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)mysql> 

案例5:

统计西安地区员工的年龄之和

mysql> 
mysql> select sum(age) from emp where workaddress = '西安';
+----------+
| sum(age) |
+----------+
| 135      |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

2.5 分组查询

基本语法:

SELECT 字段列表FROM 表名 [WHERE 条件] GROUP BY 分组字段名 [HAVING 分组后过滤条件]

where与having的区别:

  • 执行时机不同:where是分组之前进行过滤,不满足where条件的,不参与分组;而having是分组之后对结果进行过滤。
  • 判断条件不同:where不能对聚合函数进行判断,而having可以。

注意:

  • 执行顺序:where> 聚合函数> having
  • 分组之后,查询的字段一般为聚合函数和分组字段,查询其他字段并无任何意义。

案例1:

根据性别分组,统计 男性员工 和 女性员工的数量。

mysql> 
mysql> select gender, count(*) from emp group by gender;
+--------+----------+
| gender | count(*) |
+--------+----------+
||        7 |
||        9 |
+--------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例2:

根据性别分组,统计男性员工 和 女性员工的平均年龄

mysql> 
mysql> select gender, avg(age) from emp group by gender;
+--------+----------+
| gender | avg(age) |
+--------+----------+
|| 31.4286  |
|| 46.8889  |
+--------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例3:

查询年龄小于45的员工,并根据工作地址分组,获取员工数量大于等于3的工作地址。

mysql> 
mysql> select workaddress, count(*) from emp where age<45 group by workaddress having count(*) >= 3;
+-------------+----------+
| workaddress | count(*) |
+-------------+----------+
| 北京        |        7 |
+-------------+----------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

2.6 排序查询

** 基本语法:**

SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表名 ORDER BY 字段1 排序方式1, 字段2 排序方式2;

排序方式:

ASC : 升序(默认值)
DESC:降序

注意:

如果是多字段排序,当第一个字段值相同时,才会根据第二个字段进行排序。


案例1:

根据年龄对公司的员工进行升序排序

mysql> 
mysql> select name, age from emp order by age asc;
+--------+-----+
| name   | age |
+--------+-----+
| 小昭   |  16 |
| 张无忌 |  18 |
| 赵敏   |  18 |
| 周芷若 |  18 |
| 柳岩   |  20 |
| 杨逍   |  28 |
| 常遇春 |  32 |
| 韦一笑 |  38 |
| 黛绮丝 |  38 |
| 范瑶   |  40 |
| 范冰冰 |  45 |
| 陈友谅 |  53 |
| 张士诚 |  55 |
| 灭绝   |  65 |
| 胡青牛 |  70 |
| 张三丰 |  88 |
+--------+-----+
16 rows in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

案例2:

根据入职时间,对员工进行降序排序

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp order by entrydate desc;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
16 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例3:

根据年龄对公司的员工进行升序排序,年龄相同,再按照入职时间进行降序排序

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp order by age asc, entrydate desc;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
16 rows in set (0.07 sec)mysql> 

2.7 分页查询

在这里插入图片描述

基本语法:

SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表名LIMIT 起始索引, 查询记录数;

注意:

  • 起始索引从0开始,起始索引 = (查询页码-1) * 每页显示记录数
  • 分页查询是数据库的方言,不同的数据库有不同的实现,MySQL中是LIMIT
  • 如果查询的是第一页数据,其实索引可以忽略,直接简写为limit 10

案例1:

查询第一页员工数据,每页展示10条记录

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp limit 0, 10;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
10 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

或者:

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp limit 10;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩   ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
|  2 | 2      | 张无忌 ||  18 | 123456789012345671 | 北京        | 2002-02-02 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
|  4 | 4      | 赵敏   ||  18 | 123456789012345673 | 北京        | 2004-04-04 |
|  5 | 5      | 小昭   ||  16 | 123456789012345674 | 上海        | 2005-05-05 |
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
|  7 | 7      | 范瑶   ||  40 | 123456789012345676 | 北京        | 2007-01-01 |
|  8 | 8      | 黛绮丝 ||  38 | 123456789012345678 | 天津        | 2008-01-01 |
|  9 | 9      | 范冰冰 ||  45 | 123456789012345679 | 北京        | 2009-01-01 |
| 10 | 10     | 陈友谅 ||  53 | 223456789012345676 | 上海        | 2017-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
10 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql>

案例2:

查询第二页员工数据,每页展示10条记录

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp limit 10, 10;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| 11 | 11     | 张士诚 ||  55 | 323456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2027-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
| 13 | 13     | 张三丰 ||  88 | 523456789012345676 | 江苏        | 2047-01-01 |
| 14 | 14     | 灭绝   ||  65 | 623456789012345676 | 西安        | 2057-01-01 |
| 15 | 15     | 胡青牛 ||  70 | 723456789012345676 | 西安        | 2067-01-01 |
| 16 | 16     | 周芷若 ||  18 | NULL               | 北京        | 2077-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
6 rows in set (0.07 sec)mysql> 

2.8 综合案例练习

案例1:

查询年龄为20, 21, 22, 23的员工信息。

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where gender = '女' and age = 20 or age = 20 or age = 21 or age = 22 or age = 23;
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩 ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

或者:

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where gender = '女' and age in(20, 21, 22, 23);
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  1 | 1      | 柳岩 ||  20 | 123456789012345678 | 北京        | 2001-01-01 |
+----+--------+------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

案例2:

查询性别为男,并且年龄在 20-40 (含)以内的,姓名为三个字的员工

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where gender = '男' and age >= 20 and age <= 40 and name like '___';
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

或者:

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where gender = '男' and age between 20 and 40 and name like '___';
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例3:

统计员工表中,年龄小于60岁的,男性员工和女性员工的人数

mysql> 
mysql> select gender, count(*) from emp where age < 60 group by gender;
+--------+----------+
| gender | count(*) |
+--------+----------+
||        6 |
||        7 |
+--------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

案例4:

查询所有年龄小于等于35岁员工的姓名和年龄,并对查询结果按照年龄升序排序,如果年龄相同按入职时间降序排序

mysql> 
mysql> select name, age from emp where age <= 35 order by age asc, entrydate desc; 
+--------+-----+
| name   | age |
+--------+-----+
| 小昭   |  16 |
| 周芷若 |  18 |
| 赵敏   |  18 |
| 张无忌 |  18 |
| 柳岩   |  20 |
| 杨逍   |  28 |
| 常遇春 |  32 |
+--------+-----+
7 rows in set (0.04 sec)mysql> 

案例5:

查询性别为男,且年龄在20-40(含)以内的前3个员工信息,对查询的结果按年龄升序排序,年龄相同按入职时间升序排序。

mysql> 
mysql> select * from emp where gender = '男' and age between 20 and 40 order by age asc, entrydate asc limit 0, 3;
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
| id | workno | name   | gender | age | idcard             | workaddress | entrydate  |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
|  6 | 6      | 杨逍   ||  28 | 123456789012345675 | 北京        | 2006-01-01 |
| 12 | 12     | 常遇春 ||  32 | 423456789012345676 | 北京        | 2037-01-01 |
|  3 | 3      | 韦一笑 ||  38 | 123456789012345672 | 上海        | 2003-03-03 |
+----+--------+--------+--------+-----+--------------------+-------------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.05 sec)mysql> 

2.9 执行顺序

执行顺序:
在这里插入图片描述

上面我们介绍是编写顺序 , 并不是执行顺序。

执行顺序:

在这里插入图片描述
验证执行顺序:

mysql> select name, age from emp e where age > 15 order by age asc;
+--------+-----+
| name   | age |
+--------+-----+
| 小昭   |  16 |
| 张无忌 |  18 |
| 赵敏   |  18 |
| 周芷若 |  18 |
| 柳岩   |  20 |
| 杨逍   |  28 |
| 常遇春 |  32 |
| 韦一笑 |  38 |
| 黛绮丝 |  38 |
| 范瑶   |  40 |
| 范冰冰 |  45 |
| 陈友谅 |  53 |
| 张士诚 |  55 |
| 灭绝   |  65 |
| 胡青牛 |  70 |
| 张三丰 |  88 |
+--------+-----+
16 rows in set (0.10 sec)mysql> 

思路:
我们给emp这个表起了一个别名e ,如果执行顺序是from—> where—>group by—> having —> select,那么我们在用e来访问name,age 就不会报错。
在这里插入图片描述

mysql> 
mysql> select e.name, e.age from emp  e where e.age > 15 order by age asc; 
+--------+-----+
| name   | age |
+--------+-----+
| 小昭   |  16 |
| 张无忌 |  18 |
| 赵敏   |  18 |
| 周芷若 |  18 |
| 柳岩   |  20 |
| 杨逍   |  28 |
| 常遇春 |  32 |
| 韦一笑 |  38 |
| 黛绮丝 |  38 |
| 范瑶   |  40 |
| 范冰冰 |  45 |
| 陈友谅 |  53 |
| 张士诚 |  55 |
| 灭绝   |  65 |
| 胡青牛 |  70 |
| 张三丰 |  88 |
+--------+-----+
16 rows in set (0.10 sec)mysql> 

那反过来,如果给select中的name 和 age 起一个别名,用这个别名去访问order by 中的age 或者区访问where中的age均会报错。
在这里插入图片描述

mysql> 
mysql> select e.name ename, e.age eage from emp  e where eage > 15 order by eage asc; 
1054 - Unknown column 'eage' in 'where clause'
mysql> 

3. DQL总结

在这里插入图片描述


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