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引言
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨如何使用 Three.js 创建一个简单但有趣的 3D 人形机器人仿真系统。这个机器人可以通过键盘控制进行行走和转向，并具有基本的动画效果。
技术栈
- HTML5
- Three.js
- JavaScript
实现步骤
1. 基础设置
首先，我们需要创建基本的 HTML 结构并引入 Three.js 库：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>3D Robot Simulation</title><style>body { margin: 0; overflow: hidden;}canvas { display: block; }#info {position: absolute;top: 10px;left: 10px;color: white;font-family: Arial;font-size: 14px;background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);padding: 10px;}</style>
</head>
<body><div id="info">使用方向键控制机器人:<br>↑ - 向前移动<br>← → - 左右转向</div><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/three.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
2. 场景初始化
接下来，我们需要初始化 Three.js 的基本组件：
const scene = new THREE.Scene();
scene.background = new THREE.Color(0x87CEEB); // 天空蓝色背景const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 1000);
const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true });
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
renderer.shadowMap.enabled = true;
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);
3. 创建机器人类
创建一个 Robot 类来管理机器人的所有组件和动作：
class Robot {constructor() {this.body = new THREE.Group();// 创建躯干const torsoGeometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(2, 3, 1);const torsoMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0x999999});this.torso = new THREE.Mesh(torsoGeometry, torsoMaterial);this.torso.castShadow = true;// 创建头部const headGeometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(0.5);const headMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0xcccccc});this.head = new THREE.Mesh(headGeometry, headMaterial);this.head.position.y = 2;this.head.castShadow = true;// ... 其他部件的创建代码 ...}// 创建四肢createLimb(width, height) {const geometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(width, height, width);const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0x999999});const limb = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);limb.castShadow = true;return limb;}// 行走动画walk() {const legRotation = Math.sin(Date.now() * 0.005) * 0.5;this.leftLeg.rotation.x = legRotation;this.rightLeg.rotation.x = -legRotation;const armRotation = Math.sin(Date.now() * 0.005) * 0.25;this.leftArm.rotation.x = -armRotation;this.rightArm.rotation.x = armRotation;}// 转向和移动方法turn(angle) {this.body.rotation.y += angle;}moveForward(speed) {this.body.position.x += Math.sin(this.body.rotation.y) * speed;this.body.position.z += Math.cos(this.body.rotation.y) * speed;}
}
4. 添加环境元素
创建地面和光照系统：
// 创建地面
const groundGeometry = new THREE.PlaneGeometry(100, 100);
const groundMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({ color: 0x808080,side: THREE.DoubleSide
});
const ground = new THREE.Mesh(groundGeometry, groundMaterial);
ground.rotation.x = -Math.PI / 2;
ground.position.y = -2.5;
ground.receiveShadow = true;
scene.add(ground);// 添加光源
const directionalLight = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffffff, 1);
directionalLight.position.set(5, 10, 5);
directionalLight.castShadow = true;
scene.add(directionalLight);const ambientLight = new THREE.AmbientLight(0x404040);
scene.add(ambientLight);
5. 实现控制系统
添加键盘控制和动画循环：
const keyStates = {};document.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {keyStates[e.key] = true;
});document.addEventListener('keyup', (e) => {keyStates[e.key] = false;
});function animate() {requestAnimationFrame(animate);if(keyStates['ArrowUp']) {robot.walk();robot.moveForward(0.1);}if(keyStates['ArrowLeft']) {robot.turn(0.05);}if(keyStates['ArrowRight']) {robot.turn(-0.05);}camera.position.x = robot.body.position.x;camera.position.z = robot.body.position.z + 10;camera.lookAt(robot.body.position);renderer.render(scene, camera);
}animate();
主要特性
- 3D 人形机器人模型
- 基本的行走动画
- 键盘控制系统
- 相机跟随
- 阴影效果
- 响应式设计
控制方法
- ↑ 向前移动
- ← 向左转
- → 向右转
可能的改进方向
- 添加更多动作（如后退、跳跃）
- 改进机器人模型细节
- 添加碰撞检测
- 添加物理引擎
- 实现更复杂的动画效果
- 添加声音效果
- 增加更多交互控制选项
- 优化性能
结论
通过这个项目，我们展示了如何使用 Three.js 创建一个基本的 3D 人形机器人仿真系统。虽然这是一个相对简单的实现，但它为更复杂的 3D 网页应用提供了良好的起点。
完整代码
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>3D Robot Simulation</title><style>body { margin: 0; overflow: hidden;}canvas { display: block; }#info {position: absolute;top: 10px;left: 10px;color: white;font-family: Arial;font-size: 14px;background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);padding: 10px;}</style>
</head>
<body><div id="info">使用方向键控制机器人:<br>↑ - 向前移动<br>← → - 左右转向</div><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/three.js/r128/three.min.js"></script><script>// 初始化场景、相机和渲染器const scene = new THREE.Scene();scene.background = new THREE.Color(0x87CEEB); // 天空蓝色背景const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 1000);const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true });renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);renderer.shadowMap.enabled = true;document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);// 创建机器人类class Robot {constructor() {// 机器人主体this.body = new THREE.Group();// 躯干const torsoGeometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(2, 3, 1);const torsoMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0x999999});this.torso = new THREE.Mesh(torsoGeometry, torsoMaterial);this.torso.castShadow = true;// 头部const headGeometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(0.5);const headMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0xcccccc});this.head = new THREE.Mesh(headGeometry, headMaterial);this.head.position.y = 2;this.head.castShadow = true;// 眼睛const eyeGeometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(0.1);const eyeMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0x000000});this.leftEye = new THREE.Mesh(eyeGeometry, eyeMaterial);this.rightEye = new THREE.Mesh(eyeGeometry, eyeMaterial);this.leftEye.position.set(-0.2, 2, 0.4);this.rightEye.position.set(0.2, 2, 0.4);// 手臂this.leftArm = this.createLimb(0.3, 2);this.leftArm.position.set(-1.2, 1, 0);this.rightArm = this.createLimb(0.3, 2);this.rightArm.position.set(1.2, 1, 0);// 腿部this.leftLeg = this.createLimb(0.4, 2);this.leftLeg.position.set(-0.6, -1.5, 0);this.rightLeg = this.createLimb(0.4, 2);this.rightLeg.position.set(0.6, -1.5, 0);// 组装机器人this.body.add(this.torso);this.body.add(this.head);this.body.add(this.leftEye);this.body.add(this.rightEye);this.body.add(this.leftArm);this.body.add(this.rightArm);this.body.add(this.leftLeg);this.body.add(this.rightLeg);}createLimb(width, height) {const geometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(width, height, width);const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0x999999});const limb = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);limb.castShadow = true;return limb;}walk() {// 腿部摆动const legRotation = Math.sin(Date.now() * 0.005) * 0.5;this.leftLeg.rotation.x = legRotation;this.rightLeg.rotation.x = -legRotation;// 手臂摆动const armRotation = Math.sin(Date.now() * 0.005) * 0.25;this.leftArm.rotation.x = -armRotation;this.rightArm.rotation.x = armRotation;}turn(angle) {this.body.rotation.y += angle;}moveForward(speed) {this.body.position.x += Math.sin(this.body.rotation.y) * speed;this.body.position.z += Math.cos(this.body.rotation.y) * speed;}}// 创建地面const groundGeometry = new THREE.PlaneGeometry(100, 100);const groundMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({ color: 0x808080,side: THREE.DoubleSide});const ground = new THREE.Mesh(groundGeometry, groundMaterial);ground.rotation.x = -Math.PI / 2;ground.position.y = -2.5;ground.receiveShadow = true;scene.add(ground);// 创建机器人实例const robot = new Robot();scene.add(robot.body);// 添加光源const directionalLight = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffffff, 1);directionalLight.position.set(5, 10, 5);directionalLight.castShadow = true;directionalLight.shadow.camera.near = 0.1;directionalLight.shadow.camera.far = 100;directionalLight.shadow.camera.left = -50;directionalLight.shadow.camera.right = 50;directionalLight.shadow.camera.top = 50;directionalLight.shadow.camera.bottom = -50;scene.add(directionalLight);const ambientLight = new THREE.AmbientLight(0x404040);scene.add(ambientLight);// 设置相机位置camera.position.set(0, 5, 10);camera.lookAt(robot.body.position);// 键盘状态const keyStates = {};// 键盘事件监听document.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {keyStates[e.key] = true;});document.addEventListener('keyup', (e) => {keyStates[e.key] = false;});// 窗口大小调整window.addEventListener('resize', onWindowResize, false);function onWindowResize() {camera.aspect = window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight;camera.updateProjectionMatrix();renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);}// 动画循环function animate() {requestAnimationFrame(animate);// 更新机器人动作if(keyStates['ArrowUp']) {robot.walk();robot.moveForward(0.1);}if(keyStates['ArrowLeft']) {robot.turn(0.05);}if(keyStates['ArrowRight']) {robot.turn(-0.05);}// 相机跟随camera.position.x = robot.body.position.x;camera.position.z = robot.body.position.z + 10;camera.lookAt(robot.body.position);renderer.render(scene, camera);}animate();</script>
</body>
</html>